Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Sayed Mohammad Mousavi ¹
• HOSEIN SATTAR ²
• hamid reza fahimitabar ³

¹ PhD student in Quranic and Hadith Sciences, Kashan University.

² Assistant Professor, Department of Quran and Hadith Sciences, Kashan University

³ sciences of quran and hadith،faculty of literature and foreign languages،university of kashan،kashan،iran

Abstract

The study of regional transmitters and their role in the transmission and preservation of ḥadīth heritage remains a relatively neglected area in Imami ḥadīth studies. This research focuses on a pivotal yet obscure figure from the Rayy school in the late 3rd/4th century AH: Ali ibn ʻAbdullāh Warrāq Rāzī. While largely overlooked in classical Rijāl sources, his significance is underscored by the fact that the eminent Shaykh Ṣadūq (d. 381 AH) narrates nearly 90 traditions from him across his works. This study posits that Warrāq served as a critical nexus, transferring traditions from the influential ḥadīth centers of Kufa and Qom to Rayy, with Ṣadūq acting as the exclusive conduit through which these narrations entered the mainstream Imami written corpus. The research addresses this central dynamic, examining Warrāq’s scholarly network, his methodological role, and the basis of his credibility in Ṣadūq’s eyes.

Research Question(s)

Main Question: How did Ali ibn ʻAbdullāh Warrāq Rāzī, utilizing his specific network of teachers and his professional position, function as the key intermediary in transferring ḥadīth from the Kufan and Qom schools to Rayy, and how were these materials exclusively incorporated into the Imami tradition via Shaykh Ṣadūq?
Subsidiary Questions:

What was Warrāq’s scholarly profile and social standing within the Rayy ḥadīth community?
Who were his most influential teachers, and what does the frequency of narration from each reveal about his intellectual leanings and channels of transmission?
On what grounds did Shaykh Ṣadūq consider Warrāq a reliable authority, despite his obscurity in earlier Rijāl works?
What is the thematic range of the traditions Warrāq transmitted, and what does this indicate about the nature of the material he conveyed?

 

Literature Review

Previous studies on Ṣadūq’s teachers, such as "Muḥaddithī Ṣādiq" (Maʿaref, 2009), have generally focused on Ṣadūq’s own thought rather than detailed biographies of his sources. Recent articles by the authors of this paper have examined other Rayy-based transmitters, such as Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Qaṭṭān and Aḥmad ibn Ziyād al-Hamadānī. However, no dedicated, comprehensive study exists on Ali ibn ʻAbdullāh Warrāq Rāzī. Classical Rijāl sources (e.g., Najāshī, Ṭūsī) either omit him or confuse his name (recording it as Ali ibn ʻAbdullāh Warrāq), offering only minimal data. This research fills this gap by systematically extracting information from Ṣadūq’s own texts, providing a novel reconstruction of Warrāq’s scholarly persona and his formative impact on one of Shiʿism’s most prolific ḥadīth compilers.
 

Methodology

This study employs a descriptive-analytical method with a documentary (library) research approach. The primary corpus consists of all extant works of Shaykh Ṣadūq where Warrāq is mentioned as a narrator or a direct/shaykh (e.g., Kamāl al-Dīn, ‘Uyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā, al-Khiṣāl, Ma‘ānī al-Akhbār, Man lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh). Data collection involved systematic extraction and indexing of all Isnāds (chains of transmission) containing Warrāq. Analysis proceeded in four stages:

Statistical Analysis: Quantifying the frequency of narrations from Warrāq and, crucially, by Warrāq from each of his own teachers (e.g., Saʿd ibn ‘Abdullah al-Ashʿarī, ‘Ali ibn Ibrāhīm al-Qummī).
Isnād Analysis: Mapping the pathways of transmission from Kufa/Qom to Rayy by tracing Warrāq’s position in the Isnāds.
Content Analysis: Categorizing the transmitted traditions by theme (exegesis, theology, jurisprudence, history, and ethics) to determine the scope of knowledge he conveyed.
Credibility Assessment: Critically evaluating the evidence for his reliability (Thiqah) within Ṣadūq’s framework, focusing on: (A) the principle of "Abundant narration by a major scholar" (Ikthār Riwāyat al-Ajillā), (B) Ṣadūq’s use of invocative praise (Tarḍī wa Tarḥīm), and (C) Ṣadūq’s unique report of a direct, verificatory meeting with him.

 

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that Ali ibn ʻAbdullāh Warrāq Rāzī was not a marginal figure but an essential link in the ḥadīth transmission chain of the 4th/10th century. Professionally, his work as a Warrāq (scribe/copyist) granted him unique access to rare texts and prominent scholars. Intellectually, he was deeply influenced by two key figures from Qom: Saʿd ibn ‘Abdullah al-Ashʿarī (40 narrations) and ‘Ali ibn Ibrāhīm al-Qummī (17 narrations), thereby connecting him to the Kufan tradition via Ibrāhīm ibn Hāshim. His direct hearing from Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī in Rayy further situates him within his contemporary local network.
Shaykh Ṣadūq’s reliance on him is justified through three interrelated proofs: "The volume of narrations, respectful invocations, and most importantly, a documented instance where Ṣadūq personally met him to verify a tradition first seen in his handwriting. Consequently, Warrāq acted as a primary vector for channeling Kufan-Qomī ḥadīth currents into the nascent Rayy school. These materials, encompassing theology, exegesis, and law, were solely preserved through their incorporation into Ṣadūq’s authored collections. Thus, the ḥadīth landscape of Rayy during Ṣadūq’s era emerges as a synthesis of Kufan and Qomī traditions, with Ali ibn ʻAbdullāh Warrāq playing an indispensable, though previously obscured, catalytic role in this process. Recognizing such figures is vital for accurately mapping ḥadīth transmission routes and understanding the formation of early Imami ḥadīth canon."

Keywords

• Ali ibn ʻAbdullāh Warrāq Rāzī
• Shaykh Ṣadūq
• Ḥadīth School of Rayy
• Transmission of Ḥadīth
• Saʿd ibn ‘Abdullah al-Ashʿarī
• ‘Ali ibn Ibrāhīm al-Qummī

Main Subjects

• حدیث پژوهی