Document Type : علمی- ترویجی
Author
Assistant Professor of Quran and Orientalism, Al-Mustafa International University, Qom, Iran
Abstract
Revelation is the "divine message to the prophets to guide the people". It is the basis and consistency of divine laws and the most valuable heavenly gem on the earth and has an inseparable connection with human nature and destiny. In recent centuries, with the spread of the wave of Islamic studies in the West, the hypothesis of adapting some of the contents of the Qur'an from past religious and literary texts became one of the fields of activity of Orientalists. Explaining this issue is necessary to prove the legitimacy of Islam and Quranic revelation and its superiority over all divine religions. The present dissertation is organized using descriptive and analytical methods and with a critical approach along with collecting and analyzing information to examine and criticize the most important claims and arguments of orientalists about borrowing the Qur'an from past religions and cultures such as Judaism and Christianity. Findings show that Western scholars and orientalists, based on these principles and considering the similarities in the Qur'an and earlier sources such as the Torah and the Bible, have proposed the existing hypotheses about the sources of the Qur'an, none of which are accepted by Muslims. Their claims have methodological problems even on their own merits.
Keywords
- Critique of Orientalist Opinions
- Quranic Revelation
- Sources of Quranic Revelation
- Quran Adaptation
- Judaism and Christianity Cultures
Main Subjects
- Guillaume. (January 1935). "Book Review", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland.
- Shorrosh, Islam Revealed: A Christian Arab's View Of Islam, (1988), Thomas Nelson Publishers: Nashville
Abraham. I. Katsh (1954). Judaism in Islam, Biblical and Talmudic backgrounds of the Qur'an and its commentaries: SuraII and III, New York Univ Press.
Aloys Sprcngcr. (2003). Das Ieben und die des Mohammad, Berlin, 1861—65; repr. Hildesheim.
Bell Richard. (1968). The Origin of Islam in its Christian Environment: The Gunning Lectures Edinburgh University 1925, London: Frank Cass and Company Limited, (reprint).
Charle C. Torrey. (1993). The Jewish Foundation of Islam, New York; Jewish Institute of Reiogion Press.
Charles Cutler. (1922). Three difficult passages in the Koran, in A volume of oriental studies presented to E. G. Browne, ed. T. W. Arnold and R. A. Nicholson, Cambridge.
Crone, Patricia; Cook, Michael, Hagarism. (1977). the making of the Islamic world, Cambridge University Press.
- Shepardson. (Apr 1890). "The Biblical element in the Quran", The Old and New Testament Student,Vol. 10. No. 4
Dirk Kruisheer&Lucas Van rompay. (Jan 1998)." A Bibliographical Clavi to the Works of Jacob of Edessa", Journal of syriac Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1.
Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers, At the Origins of Islam (Harvard University Press;
Dr. A. A. Shorrosh. (n.d). Islam Revealed: A Christian Arab's View Of Islam. 1988, Thomas Nelson Publishers: Nashville.
Einboden, Jeffrey. (2009). The Early American Qur'an: Islamic Scripture and US Canon, Journal of Qur'anic Studies, Edinburgh University Press, Vol. 11, No. 2.
- R. Hawting. (1982). "Review of Die Wiederentdeckung des Propheten Muhammad",Journal of Semitic Studies.Oxford Journals. 27.
Irving, Washington. (n.d). Mahomet and His Successors, vol. 1, chapter viii: Outlines of the Mahometan Faith
- W. Sweetman. (1945). Islam And Christian Theology: A Study Of The Interpretation Of Theological Ideas In The Two Religions.
Katsh, Abraham I. (1962). Judaism and the Koran, Biblical and Talmudic backgrounds of the Koran and its commentaries, new York.
Katsh, Abraham I. (1954). Judaism in Islam: Biblical and Talmudic backgrounds of the Koran and its commentaries, New York.
Khalid al- Khazraj & Others:Constance E Padwick. (1939). "al-Ghazali & The Arabic Versions Of The Gospels: An Unsolved Problem", The Moslem World.
Khalid al- Khazraj & Others. (1988). Is The Bible Really The Source Of The Qur'ân?, 1388/7/14 at: http://www.islamic-awareness.org:Ernst Würthwein, The Text Of The Old Testament, Michigan: William B Eerdmans Publishing Company.
- M. Barth. (1973). An Analysis of Vatican 30,: Monographs of the Hebrew Union College No. 1, Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion.
- Zunz. (1892). Die Gottesdienstlichen Votrage der Juden: Historisch Entwickelt, Second edition, Frankfurt: Verlag von J. Kauffmann.
- S. M. Saifullah, Mansur Ahmed & Elias Karim. (1992)." On The Sources Of The Story Of Cain & Abel In The Qur'an", 23/ 3/ 1388, athttp://www.islamic-awareness.org/ Quran/Sources/ BBCandA.html: M. Maher, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Genesis, Translated With Introduction And Notes, Collegevill: Liturgical Press.
- S. M. Saifullah, Mansur Ahmed & Elias Karim: N. A. Stillman. (1974). "The Story Of Cain & Abel In The Qur'an And The Muslim Commentators: Some Observations", Journal Of Semitic Studies, Vol 19.
Macdonald, Duncan Black. (1911). Aspects of Islam, The Macmillan Company, New York,
Mingana, (2002), "Syriac Influence on the Style of the Koran", in Ibn Warraq, (ed), What the Koran Really Says, Amherst: Prometheus Books.
Narratives of Islamic Origins (Darwin Press; 1998). The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing.
- Crone. (2015). Jewish Christianity and the Qurʾān, Journal of Near Eastern Studies.
Pirke De-Rabbi. (2012). Eli'ezer" in The Jewish Encyclopedia.
- Bell. (1925). "The origin of Islam in its Christian environment" The Gunning Lectures. Edinburgh University Press.
- Dvorak, (1884), Ein Beitrag zur Frage uber die Fremdworter im Koran, Munchen.
- Dvorak, (1885), Uber die Fremdworter im Koran, Wien.
- Morey. (1992). The Islamic Invasion: Confronting The World's Fastest Growing Religion, Harvest House Publishers: Eugene (OR)
Sidney H Griffith. (1985). "The Gospel In Arabic: An Enquiry Into Its Appearance In The First Abbasid Century", Oriens Christianus, Vol 69.
Sidney H. Griffith. (Ieiden 2001-2006). "Christians and Christianity," in Encyclopaedia Of the Qur'an.
Sprenger, (1861), Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammed. Nach bisher größtenteils unbenutzten Quellen, Berlin, Reprint of the German edition
Targum. in The Jewish Encyclopedia, Isidore Singer. (1906). (Managing Editor), USA: Ktav Publishing House inc,Volume, 12
The Qur'an in its historical context. (2008). USA: Routledge.
Tisdall William St. (1912). Clair, A Word to the Wise: Being a defence of the "Sources of Islam", London and Madras: The Christian Literature Society For India,.
Torrey, Charles C. (1892). The Commercial-Theological Terms in the Koran, May 7th, Leyden - E. J. Brill, 1892
Torrey, Charles Cutler, (1933). "The Jewish Foundation of Islam," New York: Jewish Institute of Religion.
Über den Ur-Qur'an. (1974). Ansätze zur Rekonstruktion vorislamischer christlicher Strophenlieder im Qur'an. Erlangen: Lüling.
Uri Rubin, (1993). "Iqra bi-smi rabbika" Some notes on the interpretation of Surat al- Allaq", Isarael Oriental Studies, 13.
Wansbrough, John, (1977). Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation (Oxford, 1977)
Wansbrough, John, (1978). The Sectarian Milieu: Content and Composition Of Islamic Salvation History (Oxford, 1978)
Wilfred Cantwell Smith, "A not on the Qura'n frome a comparative perspective", Wael B. Hallag(author, Editor), (1999). Islamic Studies Presented to Charles J. Adams, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
References [in Persian]
The Holy Quran
Aqil, Nabih., (n.d)., Tarikh al-Arab al-Qadim, third edition, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr. [in Arabic]
Bell, Richard., revision: Montgomery Wat., (2012). An introduction to the history of the Qur'an, translated by Bahauddin Khorramshahi, first edition, Center for the translation of the Holy Qur'an into foreign languages.
Darra Haddad, Yusuf., (1993). Al-Qur'an and Al-Kitab, Beirut: Al-Maktaba Al-Bulsiyya. [in Arabic]
Farmanian, Mahdi., Montgomery, Wat., (2006). Priest Prophet, Haft Aseman, 32
Javad, Ali., (1992). Al-Mafsal Fi Tarikh al-Arab before Islam, Baghdad, published by Jamaat Baghdad, second edition. [in Arabic]
Joseph Horowitz., (1925). Jewish Proper Names and Derivatives in the Qur'an, Hebrew College Annual, Year 6. 11, Ohio
Martin, Richard C., (1998). "The Background of Islamic Studies in the West", translated by Seyed Hasan Eslami, Journal of the Mirror of Research, Research Institute of Islamic Sciences and Culture, number 54. [in Persian]
Marcoshuler., (2007). Quranic studies after the Enlightenment period in the West, translated by Seyed Ali Aghaei, Haft Aseman, Vol. 34. [in Persian]
Neuwert, Angelica., (2013). "The Shape and Structure of the Qur'an", translation: Nosrat Nilsaz, Aieneh Pazhouhesh, year 25, numbers 5 and 6, consecutively 149 and 150. [in Persian]
Neil Robinson, (Winter 2013). Jesus in the Qur'an, the historical Jesus and the myth of the incarnation, translated by Mohammad Kazem Shaker, Haft Aseman, 24. [in Persian]
Poua, Azam. (1979). Quran's encounter with Christian culture, Tehran, Hasti-Nama. [in Persian]
Theodore Noldeke., (1919). Tarikh al-Qur'an, second edition, Dietrich Publishing House, second edition
)