نوع مقاله : علمی- ترویجی

نویسندگان

• محرم قربانی ¹
• عسگر بابازاده اقدم ²
• مهدی شفایی ³

¹ دانش آموخته دکتری زبان وادبیات عربی دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران

² دانشیار زبان وادبیات عربی دانشگاه علوم ومعارف قرآن کریم، تبریز، ایران

³ استادیار دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

معناشناسی واژگان قرآنی یکی از روش‌های نوین پژوهش در قرآن است. میادین معنایی وسیع کتاب جاویدان بعد از انتخاب واژگان با ارتباط سیستمی کلمات پیرامونش بررسی می‌شود و برخی لایه‌های پنهان معانی آیات ظاهر می‌گردد. رویکرد معنا شناسانه واژگان ترس در قرآن، معارف نهفته در باطن آیات را با بررسی عبارات هم‌نشین کشف کرده و نظام‌دار بودن آن معارف را تقویت می‌کند. در این جستار قصد بر این است لایه‌های معنایی کلمات «ترس» را که عبارت‌اند از: خوف، رهب، وجل، فزع، رعب و روع، با توجه به روابط هم‌نشینی در قرآن مورد تحلیل و بررسی قرار گیرد. ابتدا معنای هر واژه را از منابع معتبر لغت جستجو، سپس ذیل هر کلمه منتخبی از آیات قرآنی مربوط به بافت و سیاق آیات، از تفسیرهای معتبر روشن نموده و در این راستا از محور هم‌نشینی در فهم معنا و مصداق آیات استفاده شده است. به‌عنوان‌مثال: خشیة عبارت است از ترسی که تعظیمی با آن همراه باشد و در بیشتر موارد این امر از آگاهی نسبت به آنچه از آن می‌ترسد، ناشی می‌گردد. تفاوت «خشیة» و «خوف» در یقین صادق نسبت به عظمت پروردگار و به سبب تسلط و قهر و وحشت از چیزی است. این پژوهش تلاشی است برای تهذیب نفس و حصول سعادت اخروی در مسیر شناخت جنبه‌های منفی و مثبت و ارزشی واژگان قرآنی‌ای که بر ترس دلالت دارند که با آگاهی لازم از شواهد و الفاظ هم‌نشین و داستان‌های شیرین قرآنی ممکن می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• قرآن کریم
• معناشناسی
• خوف
• رهب
• وجل
• روع

موضوعات

• قرآن پژوهی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of the Semantic Field and Linguistics of the Words "Fear", "Ru'", "Rahb", and "Wajal" in the Holy Quran

نویسندگان [English]

• Moharram Ghorbani ¹
• Askar Babazadeh Aghdam ²
• Mehdi Shafaee ³

¹ PhD in Arabic Language and Literature, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan, Tabriz, Iran

² Associate Professor of Arabic Language and Literature, University of Qur’anic Sciences and Studies, Qom, Iran

³ Assistant Professor, Farhangian University, Tabriz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract

Introduction

The semantics of Quranic words is one of the modern research methods in the Quran. The vast semantic fields of the eternal book are examined after selecting the words with the systemic relationship of the words around them, and some hidden layers of the meanings of the verses appear. In this article, the intention is to analyze and examine the semantic layers of the word “Fear”, which include: Khuf, Rahab, Wajal, Faz, A’rab, and Rau, with regard to the relationships of association in the Quran. This research is an attempt to refine the soul and achieve happiness in the hereafter in the path of recognizing the negative and positive aspects and values of Quranic words that indicate fear, which is possible with the necessary knowledge of the evidence and accompanying words and sweet Quranic stories. A semantic look at the text and a semantic analysis of its words is one of the ways to achieve the precise meaning and the main intention of the speaker. This type of view in the Quran is of particular importance due to its guiding aspect and the role it plays in ensuring human happiness and perfection, because the Quran is the word and meaning of God, and as can be seen from the verses and narrations, it has many meanings and levels. Fear, timidity, piety, fear, awe, grandeur, fear, and cowardice are words that indicate various types of fear. In the present study, the aim is to examine the semantic fields of the aforementioned words with regard to context and association. In this way, the meanings of each word are first extracted from authoritative dictionary books, and then a few examples of Quranic verses are mentioned under each word. In the Turkish language, there is a popular and famous proverb about fear: "Be a crow, and be safe!" That is, a person who is determined and timid is accompanied by health and peace. The Arabic equivalent of this proverb is "أحرُ من غرابٍ" which means more cautious than a crow. This research answers the question of how much do readers of the divine book understand the other words that accompany the meaning of fear? Through the investigation conducted by the authors, no written and specific research was found that was appropriate to the present title; however, it can be said that during literary, rhetorical, narrative, etc. interpretations, appropriate to the verses that speak of the words “security”, “settlement”, “peace” and “tranquility”, there are brief or detailed materials about this word and its derivations; other than that, in recent works, especially Quranic dictionaries and encyclopedias, explanations about this matter are seen in accordance with the entries of the mentioned words; the most important of these works include the "Dictionary of the Words of the Holy Quran" (Majma al-Lughaa al-Arabiya fi Misr), "Explanation and Interpretation of the Words of the Holy Quran" (Ja'far Shariatmadari), "Al-Mu'jam Al-Mufashir al-Alfaaz al-Quran al-Karim" (Fouad Abdul-Baqi), "Al-Musawe'ah al-Quran al-Karim" and ... which have provided very useful information about the above-mentioned words; in addition to these, studies such as "Mufadat al-Alfaaz al-Quran", "Al-Taraduf fi al-Quran al-Karim", "Al-Alfaaz al-Mutakarabita al-Ma'an fi al-Quran", "Khasa'at al-Alfaaz al-Quran al-Karim", "Al-Mu'jam al-Ishtaqqi al-Alfaaz al-Quran al-Karim" and ... have provided information in various forms and ways about the words of the Quran, which have been used in this study - with reference to the source.
Fear in the language of fear or fear in the language means suffering, anguish and discomfort due to the expectation and misfortune that is likely to occur in the future or due to the loss of something beloved. (Al-Ta’rifat, Jorjani, Al-Sharif, Volume 1, Page 118) Fear of God in the Quran and Sunnah means fear of the distance of the veil and hope for nearness and reunion. It is a sign of fear for those with hearts who recognize the divine attributes that require fear and are aware of the secret of this statement of God Almighty: “Fear God, the right of piety.” O you who have believed, fear God as it is right to fear and piety. “Warning”: “Meaning: avoiding and staying away from something frightening and frightening.” (Al-Ragheb Al-Isfahani, 2005: 223) and "by referring to the cases of the use of this word, we will see that it does not mean fear, but it means avoiding and cautioning against future danger" (Qurashi, 1371, vol.2:113) such as the verse: And if they say that you will hear their words as if they are sound evidence, they will count all the words against them, they are the enemy, so beware of them. My killer Allah says: "Verily, they are the hypocrites." (Al-Munafiqun / 4): [And when you see them, their appearance (is so beautiful) that it amazes you, and if they speak, (it is so attractive and beautiful that) you listen to their speech, as if they were sticks (dry, brainless and useless) leaning against each other, they consider every call against them, they are enemies, so avoid them, may Allah kill them, how they deviate from the truth.] So, considering what was said about the meaning of fear, the connection between caution and fear is in avoiding and staying away from something that a person fears. Fear in the terminology of military jurisprudence refers to creating fear in the heart of the enemy, which is sometimes provided as an unseen help from God. This term is also mentioned in the Quran and hadiths.
1- Literal meaning: Fear is the root of the verb fear, fear, in the dictionary it means to be afraid and anxious, and terror, in the verb category, means to frighten. The word terror also means to frighten.
2- Fear is stated in the Quran (in Al Imran/Surah 3/verse 151): “We will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve. ]
This research is based on a descriptive-analytical and library method and has been conducted with the approach of examining the meaning of the words of the Quran using the semantics method. Semantics is a new method for examining and explaining concepts and words and discovering new meanings, a new method in the field of Quranic sciences and interpretation. It has been used among orientalists such as Izutsu and some Islamic researchers, and a group has also followed it in the country's scientific centers. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce it as a new method to interpreters and researchers of Quranic sciences.
By examining the words "khufu", "rahb", "ru'u", "wajal"... the following results can be deduced:
1- The word khufu means "supplication and fear, which is sometimes accompanied by fear" and causes humble servants to achieve an emotional and deep relationship with their eternal God; in such a way that in the shadow of valuable fear, the fearful servant increases his salvation in every place, and in the path of scientific and thoughtful terminology, while becoming familiar with similar and companion words in the shadow of constant and continuous fear, he becomes a pious and pious monk and is far from any rebellion, disobedience, and negligence in servitude.
2- Another word similar to fear is the word "wajal", a state and feeling in which a person, contrary to the tranquility and peace of mind, his heart boils and he loses his peace. Wajal and fear both cause anxiety and fear in a person, and the use of wajal in the case of fear is a metaphor, and if the servant's fear is light and weak, it is called wara; although this word is mentioned only once in the Quran, it has a significant impact on understanding the wonders of creation, understanding the lives of the great prophets, pondering the deep Quranic teachings and the semantic layers of the words of the divine book, and the sure key to the success and salvation of the servants of God is fear.
3- Reading the Holy Quran casually and without reflection is different from reading it thoughtfully and with deep thought in the hidden layers of similar and opposite words and the teachings hidden in the verses of the divine book. Accurate and scientific semantics of Quranic words, understanding the meaning and application of the divine verses, while gaining the knowledge worthy of the fearful servants, causes them to reach a firm certainty in the face of the greatness of their Lord in the shadow of valuable fear.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Holy Quran
• semantics
• fear
• awe
• ru