نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• عزت ملا ابراهیمی ¹
• محمدصالح کرمی ²

¹ استاد دانشگاه تهران

² کارشناس ارشد دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

تعمق معنا و وصول به مدلولات اثر ادبی‌ از طریق دال‌ها و علائم روساخت‌ موجود در متن، همواره از مهم‌ترین دغدغه‌ها و مسائل پیش روی ناقد در نقد ادبی بوده است‌. تحلیل گفتمان تلاش خود را به‌وسیله رویکردها و شاخه‌های گوناگون، در گره‌گشایی پیوند دوسویه زبان و جامعه بکار می‌گیرد و در پس متون و لایه‌های پنهان آن، به بررسی ایدئولوژی مؤلف می‌پردازد. از مشهورترین نظریه‌های حوزه گفتمان‌کاوی، رویکرد انتقادی نورمن فرکلاف است که می‌کوشد ضمن بیان ارتباط میان ملاک‌های درونی و برونی متن، قدرت حاکم بر جامعه‌ای را که متن در آن شکل گرفته است، با سه سطح توصیف، تفسیر و تبیین موردبررسی قرار دهد. بر این اساس پژوهش حاضر درصدد است با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی داستان حضرت ابراهیم (ع) را بر پایۀ نظریۀ گفتمان انتقادی فرکلاف در سطوح سه‌گانه تحلیل و ارزیابی کند. برآیند پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که گفتمان ساختارشکنانه حضرت ابراهیم (ع) در آیات قرآنی، در راستای القای پیام تربیتی سازنده‌ای برای انسان‌ها بوده است. به‌عنوان‌مثال آنجا که حضرت صبر و استقامت خود را در برابر امتحانات الهی به تصویر می‌کشد و در راه هدایت مردم در معرض تهدید و آسیب قرار می‌گیرد، همگی نمونه‌هایی از پیام ارزندۀ یک واقعیت تربیتی است که برای عبرت و هوشیاری خوانشگران ارائه شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• قرآن کریم
• گفتمان انتقادی
• حضرت ابراهیم (ع)
• فرکلاف

موضوعات

• قرآن پژوهی

عنوان مقاله [English]

Reading the Deconstructive Discourse of Prophet Abraham in the Holy Quran

نویسندگان [English]

• Ezzat Molla Ebrahimi ¹
• محمد صالح کرمی ²

¹ professor, Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Tehran University

² کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه تهران

چکیده [English]

Contemplating the meaning and arriving at the meanings of the literary work through the signs and superstructure signs in the text has always been one of the most important concerns and issues facing the critic in literary criticism. Discourse analysis uses various approaches and branches to unravel the two-way connection between language and society and examines the author's ideology behind the texts and its hidden layers. One of the most famous theories in the field of discourse analysis is Norman Fairclough's critical approach, which, while expressing the relationship between the internal and external criteria of the text, examines the ruling power of the society in which the text was formed, with three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. Based on this, the present research tries to analyze and evaluate the story of Prophet Ibrahim (AS) based on the theory of critical discourse of Farklaf in three levels using the descriptive-analytical method. The result of the research shows that there is an unbreakable connection between the language and the social and external context of the story of Prophet Ibrahim (PBUH) in the Holy Quran, which gives a special value to the Quranic story from the point of view of the narrative text and from an ideological point of view.
Extended Abstract

Introduction

Discourse is one of the topics that has found its place in the humanities and has found wide application today. One type of discourse analysis is critical discourse analysis, which has been employed in literary and psychological research over the past few decades. Critical discourse analysis has its roots in critical linguistics. In 1979, a group of linguists founded a critical approach to language, which they called critical linguistics. The aim of this approach was to reveal the hidden power relations and ideological processes present in linguistic texts. Norman Fairclough's theory of critical discourse analysis is one of the most influential approaches to critical discourse analysis, rooted in social constructivism. In this process of discourse analysis, structures and meanings that have ideological burdens are analyzed. In other words, critical discourse analysis aims to "Explore, in a systematic way and using a three-dimensional model, the unknown relationships between texts, events and discursive practices and structures, relations of cultural and social processes at a large scale." The study and analysis of the stories in the Holy Quran, based on the theory of discourse analysis, lead to a rereading of some of the content that lies behind the text and the story. The story of Prophet Abraham, due to its comprehensiveness, appeal, instructive points, and valuable techniques, has been explored by the authors in this study. Therefore, the story in question has been studied based on Norman Fairclough's theory at three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation, in order to obtain a comprehensive, useful, and methodological analysis of this artistic story in the Holy Quran.

Literature Review

 - Soheila Farhangi and Zeinab Kazemipour (2014), in their article "The Center of Narration in the Story of Abraham Based on Genet's Perspective," have examined the story of the birth of the Prophet from the perspective of Gerard Genet's narratology.
- Hossein Agha Hosseini, Samaneh Zeraati (2010) in their article "A Comparative Study of the Story of Abraham in Exegetical and Mystical Texts Until the Seventh Century AH" have searched for the story of this Prophet in the most important religious and mystical sources.
- Ali Baqer Taherinia and Maryam Daryanavard (2014), in their article "Analysis of the Structure of the Dialogue Element in the Story of Abraham in the Holy Quran," have explored the expressive subtleties of the dialogue element in this story using a semiotic approach.

Methodology

The present study employs a descriptive-analytical method grounded in Fairclough’s critical discourse theory. The analysis is conducted at three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation. First, at the descriptive level, the language, structure, and narrative elements of the story of Prophet Abraham are examined in detail. At the interpretive level, the study examines the relationships and conversations among the characters, considering their social context. Finally, at the explanation level, the research investigates the broader social and ideological influences reflected in the story, focusing on how discourse shapes meaning and impacts social institutions. The data for the study are drawn from the Quranic text, and the analysis follows Fairclough's methodological framework to ensure a thorough and systematic evaluation.

Results

The research results show that the deconstructive discourse of Prophet Abraham (AS) in the Quranic verses was intended to convey a constructive educational message to humans. For example, where the Prophet portrays his patience and perseverance in the face of divine tests and is exposed to threats and harm while guiding people, these examples illustrate the valuable message of an educational reality presented to enhance the lesson and alertness of readers. A critical discourse analysis of the story of Prophet Abraham in the Holy Quran, with regard to ideological formations, reveals a skillful and calculated discourse. Additionally, unequal and destructive confrontations arise between the individuals involved in the story, who hold heterogeneous positions. Furthermore, there is an unbreakable coherence and connection between the language and the social and external context of the story of Prophet Abraham in the Holy Quran, which lends special value to the Quranic narrative.

Discussion

Contemplating the meaning and deciphering the meanings of a literary work through its signs and super-structural signs has always been one of the most important concerns and issues facing the critic in literary criticism. Discourse analysis employs various approaches and branches to explore the two-way connection between language and society, examining the author's ideology behind the texts and their underlying layers. One of the most famous theories in the field of discourse analysis is Norman Fairclough's critical approach, which, while expressing the relationship between the internal and external criteria of the text, examines the ruling power of the society in which the text was formed, with three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation. Based on this, the present research aims to analyze and evaluate the story of Prophet Ibrahim (AS) through the lens of Fairclough's critical discourse theory, employing a descriptive-analytical method at three levels.

Conclusion

In examining the story of Prophet Abraham in the Holy Quran based on Fairclough's theory and in response to the questions raised in this study, we found that: "At the descriptive level, the story of Prophet Abraham is expressed in an eloquent and captivating language that makes it easier to understand the events of the story." The structure and content of the story convey the theme and valuable message. The reader does not encounter complex and ambiguous words in this story, and most of the words carry important and purposeful meanings. The element of repetition in this story revolves around moral, educational, and ideological concepts, which are some of the outstanding features of this story. The spatial setting of the story is also of great importance, and the places mentioned are somehow related to the plot and outcome of the story. At the level of interpretation, it was observed that the type of conversations between the actors and participants in these contexts is formed based on social class and the relationships between them, and is reflected in the text. Based on the situational context of the story, God has attempted to embody the story in time. At the level of explanation, the effects of official discourse on social institutions and their individuals were examined, as well as how the characteristics of deconstructive discourse are crystallized in the words of the story's characters and their fates.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Holy Qur'an
• Critical Discourse
• Prophet Ibrahim
• Fairclough